Week 7 Lab Work LR$W Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 7 Lab Work LR$W - Research Paper Example The first is stage is the organization stage. It entails preparing to look into the case and delve into the evidence, how to sort and classify it. For the case study, we need to prepare an extended outline (Webley 12). The second and subsequent stage is the research stage. In the research stage, we look into the facts that pertain to the case and classify them accordingly. We identify the issue then research the issues one at a time and familiarize ourselves with the area of law that caters for the case. In this case, we research the events of the night, the basis of allegations and their substantiality. We then consider the legal implications and likely outcomes of any stances we take(Webley 14). This is stage has done in the next paragraph of this paper. The third stage is analysis. In analysis, we make a write-up of the facts arrived at and document a solid conclusion in light of the evidence and facts against the balance of the law (Putman 166) The accused has been in a 10 – year stormy relationship with Elizabeth Steward which has had a history of domestic violence. During a violent electrical storm after a bout of drinking and argument, he dragged her outside and tied her to the lightening pole and told her â€Å"I will fix you. You are gonna fry†. (Putman, 117) The states claim is baseless as Mr. Jones was drunk and angry therefore was not in total control of himself or his actions. He also did not wield the said weapon. Lightening that did not strike was therefore like a weapon he never had. (Putman,

The development in the new world Essay Example for Free

The development in the new world Essay The 17th century was the colonial era when the British settled in North America. These colonies are categorized into three groups- New England, Middle, and Southern. Although economy and religion had importance, geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies. Although the separatists came to North America for religious reasons, it was not the reason for New England’s development and prosperity. Geography is the primary factor because economic activities and trade were all dependent of the environment in which the colonists lived. Its cold climate, thick forest, and poor rocky soil made the land unsuitable for crops. Therefore, they had to rely on the natural resources they had. The towns along the coast made their living off fish, whaling, and shipbuilding. The coast New England settled on is important in showing the precedence of geography because it provided the colonies with a booming cod fishing industry. If they had not settled where they did, they would not have developed such a marketable product. The cod fishing industry along with the triangular trade is the reason economy was the secondary factor. Cod played an important role in developing the economy of colonial New England. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote about New England cod fishing as an example of the successful practice of free enterprise. The triangular trade route, which came to Boston in 17th century, is another example of economy contributing the development of the colonies. Boston carried rum made in New England to Africa to trade for slaves that were brought to Caribbean plantations, where molasses was purchased and brought back to New England to make rum. This is important because this new economic development was a huge growth of rum-making distilleries in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It also gave a push to other industries, such as shipbuilding to carry goods to longer distances such as Africa. Religion was the last factor in the development of the New England colonies. The famous group of separatists departed to Holland to flee from King James I religious persecution. After twelve years of living in Holland, the English’s children started to become â€Å"Dutchified†, so they secured rights with the Virginia Company to settle under their jurisdiction and ended up in the Massachusetts Bay colony. However, within these religious communities were those that had their own beliefs. This is  important to the development of New England because these people would create their own colonies, i.e. Anne Hotchinson and Roger Williams. Hotchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy by saying that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved do not need to obey the law of God. She was then exiled and found Rhode Island along with Roger Williams, who was too exiled for he challenged the bay colony for taking Indian land unfairly. Many came to Rhode Island because they granted complete religious freedom, even for Jews and Catholics. Geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the Middle Colonies. New York was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River and Philadelphia on the Delaware River. This is important because it created the perfect location for trade. It proves geography to be the primary factor because if the colonies were not founded along the coast they would not have been able to create the profitable trading posts that they had, which would then lead to lack of economic success. Pennsylvania had fertile soil and a mild climate well suited for farming and agriculture. They had raw materials such as timbers, fur, and coal, but most importantly, iron ore. This is significant to proving geography as the primary factor because not only could they take advantage of New York and New Jersey’s location at ports to export their agricultural products, but they could also manufacture their own iron products such as plows, locks, and nails, and export them to England. If it were not for the geography of where they settled, they would not have been able to create such a large business, making it the primary factor in the development of the Middle Colonies. The close second is economy. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were developed into profitable trading centers. The excellent harbors along the coasts of the Middle Colonies were ideal sites for cities. This was the perfect place for merchants to export cash crops, especially grain, and imported manufactured goods. This trade was important to the development of the Middle Colonies because it resulted in Philadelphia becoming the fastest growing city in the colonies. The city’s wealth brought public improvements such as Philadelphia’s statehouse (Independence Hall) and streetlights along paved roads. New York also attained its rapid growth from trading. Its busy port handled numerous products including flour, bread, furs, and whale oil. Not only did their trade ports create large profit and advancement in cities, it created large diversity. Various immigrant groups arrived in the port cities of the Middle Colonies. This would prove to be helpful because one of the largest immigrant groups was the Germans, who continued to help in the Middle Colonies’ economy. They were known to be advanced in farming and brought over their tradition of artisanship. They built Conestoga wagons that were suitable for carrying produce throughout towns and offered covers to protect the produce from rain. Most of these Germans came as indentured servants searching for religious tolerance. Religion also made a big contribution to the Middle Colonies. William Penn was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660 at only sixteen years old. Wanting to create an asylum for his people, Penn received a grant from the king in 1681. His Quaker faith demanded Pennsylvania to have no tax-supported church, no demanded allegiance, equality between men and women, no slavery, and most importantly, freedom of worship. As a result, immigrants flooded the colony. Although Penn was against slavery, many of the immigrants were not, thus African slavery began. This proves religion to be of influence to the shaping of development in the Middle Colonies because it provided large population growth and started some of the slavery in the North. Geography is the primary factor for the Southern Colonies’ success and development. The colonists of Jamestown settled in the Chesapeake area, which was largely swampy. In this muggy area, the colonists were subject to an onslaught of diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. This inhibited the development of the colony for after two years they still only had a population of 400. England sent the colonists to the New World in hopes to repeat the success of Spaniards who found gold in South America. However, once they realized the land was incapable of offering gold, they were forced to change their goals, i.e. grow their own food and find a marketable commodity. Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina all found gold in their tobacco, rice, and sugar plantations. Therefore, although economic success was the main reason for the Southern Colonies’ survival, it could not have been possible without the lands’ fertile soil and warm climates, which proves geography to be the primary factor. Therefore, economics, being the savior of the Virginia colony, is secondary in the development of the Southern  Colonies. John Rolfe brought commercial success to Jamestown by introducing tobacco as a colonial export. Colonists now hungered for more land to grow tobacco. Now that they had more tobacco plantations, they needed more workers. This is important because it began African slavery in the colonies. This proves that economy is important because it would dramatically shape the morals and viewpoint of slavery in the rest of the colonies. Maryland had the largest slave population who worked on cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo plantations. This is important because it also contributed to the Southern Colonies’ economic success. However, it also unfortunately proves the beginnings of slavery in the south. Religion had little importance in comparison to geography and economics. In 1649, the colony of Maryland passed the Act of Toleration, which guaranteed toleration to all Christians. It decreed the death penalty to any group who denied the divinity of God; therefore, it granted Catholics safety. This is important to religion because after the colonial era ended, Maryland sheltered Roman Catholics more than any other colony. In this way, it proves that religion had albeit little, some importance in shaping the development in the Southern Colonies. As a whole, colonial America’s development was influenced by geography, religion, and economy. However, the most important contribution was made by geography. Without its land and resources, the colonies would not have been able to prosper and develop into the successful colonies they became. Each of the three groups had their own unique aspects such as the coast, ports, and fertility, and that is all they needed to begin their industrious colonies.

Lessons in Leadership in Demian Essay -- Demian Essays

Lessons in Leadership in Demian In Demian, Hesse uses a comparison to the Biblical story of Cain and Abel to convey his ideas about those who are different. The idea arises again and again, causing the reader to look at it from a very unique perspective. Through this comparison, the reader begins to see the mark of Cain as a positive symbol -- as the mark of those who would lead the world into the future of mankind, without fear. When Emil Sinclair first meets Max Demian, he sees that Demian is not like anyone he has ever known. Unconsciously, he views Demian as having a mark -- something that sets him apart from the others. Sinclair isn't sure if it is the adult-like manner in which Demian carries himself, or the vast store of wisdom and truth behind his eyes. Whatever this difference was, it was something that could not be denied. Demian -- almost immediately, upon meeting up with Sinclair -- tells the story of Cain and Abel with an entirely new perspective. This greatly upsets Sinclair's small world, in which the pious are always in the right, and the "sinners" are in the wrong. Sinclair finds himself both repulsed by and obsessed with this story. In Demian's version of the story of Cain and Abel, Cain was actually the better man of the two. Abel was described as being weaker, and therefore less necessary than Cain to mankind. Demian didn't doubt that this part of the story was true, but he put much less stock in the notion that Cain was then marked by God. Rather, in Demian's version, Cain was labeled by the society he was in. They were afraid of the "faintly sinister look" that ... ...is apparent, in everyday life, that people such as these exist. Throughout Demian, Hesse proves that those who bear the mark of Cain in Demian's Biblical interpretation are superior in nearly every way. They are innovative, brilliant, and strong enough to follow their own paths. Hesse provides a spark of something else, however, something that not every reader may pick up on. This spark is the inspiration to look into one's own soul, and to examine oneself in all honesty. The questions to be answered are these: "Who am I? Do I bear the mark of Cain?" Each answer will be different, but the point is not to be the same as others. The point is to see that one is different from all others, and to find the strength to walk forward, into the light of our future... As a leader, and not as a follower.

Being Caucasian at the Brown versus Board Art Exhibit :: Race Racial Segregation

NARRATIVE: running out of white things to wear First and foremost- it was empty. In two years this was my first time to the Krannert Art Museum. I don’t know quite how this could be, because I’m an art student. But the building is on the complete opposite end of the city from both where I live and where my classes are, so I can’t fault others for not traversing here on occasion. I walk into the Brown vs. Board of Education exhibit, and I see no one. The only people there were my friend Diane and myself, both of us are Caucasian. There was silence. Except for my dubious observation that it was indeed the display we were looking for. If the large black on white lettering describing the exhibit wasn’t enough, the black and white photography would alone have been a dead give away. I couldn’t help but think: ‘how clichà ©.’ There were a series of maybe six photos of two women: one white, the other black. The series showed them in confrontation over a chair. Who had the seat, or â€Å"power† so to speak. It wasn’t a terribly innovative piece in my mind. How many times have we seen the struggle between the two races in varying artistic genres? It was very straightforward and too simplistic for my tastes. The message was very blatant and clear, though, that the struggle between whites and blacks is indeed far from over. Turning around, I saw white dinner plates on podiums in the center of this first room. Each plate has a different inscription printed on its face. The texts mostly commemorate different individuals for their contributions to the civil rights movement. I’d have to say that this was an interesting portion of the exhibit. But I only think so looking back. At the time they were just nice shiny plates with some notable individuals names written on them. Now it seems like they have more significance. Like since they seem carefully and finely crafted it gives them more symbolic merit. Plates are common in ancient art exhibits, but they are a rarity in contemporary displays. It seems like a tactic in creating something that will be around for centuries and not be forgotten. The entrance to the second room is a striking surge of color.

Virgin Atlantic Airlines

Executive Summary The aim of this write up is to provide a brief overview of Virgin Atlantic Airlines, its purpose, mission and vision statement. The key stakeholders of the VAA and the duty of care VAA owes to these stakeholders are analysed. Being a global service provider, Virgin Atlantic & British Airways are affected by various political, socio-economic and technology factors and these are reviewed. The macro economic factors, such as fiscal & monetary policies and how it affects these airlines are studied. Furthermore, the impact of EU on the airlines industry and BA & VAA in particular are detailed. 1A Introduction: In the United Kingdom, the Virgin group is a very popular and preferred brand. Virgin Atlantic is a subsidiary of the Virgin group and is one of the major airlines in the UK led by Sir Richard Branson where the Virgin group owns 51% of the shares and the remaining 49% owned by Delta Airlines, USA. The mission statement of Virgin Atlantic is â€Å"to embrace the human spirit and let it fly†. Virgin Atlantic operates short and long haul flights across 35 different destinations covering the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Far East and Australia. Purpose of VAA (Virgin Atlantic Airlines) In 1984,Sir Richard announced his decision to operate Virgin Atlantic Airlines that would provide world class quality and great value for money. By the end of the 80’s there were more than one million loyal passengers travelling with VAA, one of the first airlines to provide individual TV screens for the passengers. In the 90s, the business developed further given the competitive pricing, the unique service offerings and the introduction of the Premium economy was a great hit with the customers. In 1999, 49% of Virgin Atlantic’s shares were sold to Singapore Airlines. VAA vs Fire Services Virgin group is one of the well-known business establishments and the purpose of VAA is to expand the service line offering of the business in order to earn profits. Unlike the fire services, which is used to cater to the emergency needs of the people of the country and safeguarding them, the primary purpose of VAA is to be able to cater to the travel demands of the public and to be able to run it as a marketable business. Keeping this in mind, the main objectives of VAA is to earn profits and be able to service the customers in an effective way to ensure customer loyalty is maintained. As opposed to the fire services, the VAA faces stiff competition from various other airlines. The key accountability for VAA would be towards its customers and key stakeholders including the board of directors and the shareholders whilst the key accountability for the fire services would be to that of the general public by ensuring that there is transparency and all funds allocated by the government are used in an appropriate manner. The services offered by Virgin Atlantic caters to the luxury and travel needs of the people and the services offered by fire services are basically around protecting the people, responding to emergencies and also improving the safety within local communities. Virgin Atlantic Stakeholders, Strategies and Responsibilities Virgin Atlantic has various key stakeholders and owes a duty of care towards all the key stakeholders. To be able to manage all the stakeholders and to ensure that they are happy, Virgin Atlantic has various policies.The key stakeholders of Virgin Atlantic include:Shareholders; Customers; Employees; Vendors; Government Agencies; NGOs; Community at large. To ensure that the shareholders are satisfied, VAA achieves its primary objective of earning profits and ensuring that all the shareholders receive a good Return on their investments. Customers are given world class treatment and Virgin Atlantic is very well-known for their quality customer services. Customers always come first with Virgin Atlantic and this has been a new concept in the airlines industry. A good in-flight entertainment service, VIP treatment for first class customers including opting for a beauty therapist, check-in by chauffeur to avoid waiting in the queue, flexible meal service options etc, are examples of customer care standards that have been set by the airlines. VAA also takes customers safety seriously. Employees who form the integral part of the VAA community and VAA is committed to serve its employees better. Good work is recognised by the rewards and recognition program and Virgin Atlantic provides world class training to all its employees. Virgin Atlantic has a good diversity policy and is strictly against discrimination. All employees are treated with respect and honesty. Equal opportunity is provided to all employees and potential candidates who aspire to become a part of the Virgin Atlantic team. Vendors play a key role in the Virgin Atlantic community. Virgin Atlantic has strict policies about creating lasting relationships with vendors and aims at sourcing goods responsibly. All suppliers are thoroughly screened to ensure that key international standards such as Human Rights Convention by UN and International Labour Convention laws are met. Environment & Community: As its commitment to the environment, Virgin Atlantic has incorporated ‘Change is in the Air’ (CIITA) strategy which aims at reducing carbon footprint by using novel technologies and fuels to increase efficiency. Virgin Atlantic is keen on becoming energy efficient and sources sustainable energy where possible. It has a strong recycling and reuse policy which reduces waste and ensuring sustainability. 1B: Impact of Fiscal & Monetary Policies on VAA Fiscal policy can be defined as the policy whereby the governments change the levels of tax and its spending in order to have a positive impact on the nation’s economy. It helps redistribution of wealth, decreases in unemployment rates and provides a way to effectively control the economy. Fiscal policies can either be expansionary or reductionary. An expansionary fiscal policy encourages the growth of the economy by means of expanding the supply of money to combat inflation. This can be done either by cutting down taxes or by increasing the spending of the government (Chambenlin 2009). Fiscal policies are effective when it comes to reduction of unemployment in the shorter term. However, in the long-term they cannot bring in much change as the supply curve is vertical and pushing the demand curve would lead to pushing in the prices, which results in inflation (Gillespie, 2008) Monetary policy on the other hand can be defined as the action that is taken by the central bank or other financial regulators to determine the rate of growth of money supply. It also influences the demand and supply of money as it impacts the interest rates (Chambenlin 2009). The recession has had a very bad impact on Virgin Atlantic. The increase in the competition in the transatlantic services and given the rise in the fuel prices, the airline has seen a loss of ?135m. The airline has also frozen salaries of employees for the current period and has cut over 600 jobs which accounts for 7% of its workforce. Virgin Atlantic has not planned clearly and anticipated the costs. If the planning had been done effectively, Virgin Atlantic would not be facing issues due to increase in fuel prices. Oil is one of the key costs that is incurred by Virgin Atlantic and hence it has a serious impact on the Airlines. Also, in the recession of 2008, there has been a decrease in the passengers for long-haul flights which combined with the oil price has led to a loss of ?150m in 2009. Virgin Atlantic can take advantage of the expansionary fiscal policy whereby there is a cut on taxes and the expansionary monetary policy on the reduction in the interest rates as opposed to contractionary monetary policy. Reduced tax rates would help Virgin Atlantic transfer the reduced costs to the customers and expansionary monetary policy would help reduce exchange rates which would therefore help Virgin Atlantic to export oil at reasonable costs. Given the poor demand for travel due to increase in costs, Virgin can make use of the savings that it has achieved by using expansionary monetary and fiscal policies by slashing down the costs of travel, which would promote and encourage more customers to use their services. Though VAA has been hit by recession, making use of these policies should enable Virgin to regain some of its losses. 1F Benefit for Virgin Atlantic through International Trade Being a global brand servicing various destinations has been a key benefit for Virgin Atlantic as well as British Airways. There are various advantages of International Trade for Virgin Atlantic. These include: Increase in profits: International trade and servicing various locations globally has led to increase in profits for Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. More Sales: Having been a success in the UK and the second largest Airlines in the UK, global destinations and international trade were the next logical steps which increased the sales and turnover of Virgin Atlantic. The same holds good for British Airways. Dependence on one market reduced: International trade helps reduce dependence on one local market. If due to various reasons one market segment fails, another segment can be used thus reducing sole reliance on specific market segments. Better competitiveness in local markets: Serving international destinations and becoming a global brand has increased knowledge, services and experiences for Virgin Atlantic which makes it a very tough competitor amongst local airlines. Expansion into the international market also gives British Airways and Virgin Atlantic new ideas to be able to s atisfy all their key stakeholders, good marketing techniques to promote their ideas and better customer services. Market diversification: Diversification into the global markets has helped BA & VAA to be able to leverage better its resources and make use of booming markets in a bad economy. 1G Global Factors Affecting BA/VAA Both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic are global brands operating on various international locations. There are various key factors that affect the operations of both BA and VAA which relate to the global factors. Political Factors Airlines industry is highly regulated by governments and there are various laws that determine where the airlines can fly, the services offered, planning, their policy and strategies as well as pricing. For airlines to be in the business it is mandatory for them to adhere to these rules and regulations. Thus, compliance is one factor that affects both British Airways as well as Virgin Atlantic. Since both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic operate both nationally and globally there are pivotal national and international laws and obligations, such as H&S regulations, security legislations, taxes etc. For instance, the VAT that has been increased to 20% would affect the stakeholders of both Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. There are various operating restrictions due to political factors. One way to overcome these restrictions is to have tie ups with national carriers. Thus, political factors have a great influence on the operating environment of the airline industry. Economic Factors Recession, and the cost of fuel, and other economic factors, such as cost of having empty seats play a major role which affects the activities of Virgin Atlantic and BA. Global economic markets, strong/weak home currency influences the costs of travel. In a bad economic situation companies might tend to cut down on their travel costs and discourage employees from taking a flight. An increase in the price of the fuel might force BA & Virgin Atlantic to transfer its costs to the end customers making it more difficult for people to afford. Any fluctuation in the oil price will have a direct impact on the currency which in turn impacts the cost of flying for both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic. Social Factors International airlines, such as British Airways and Virgin Atlantic, that serve various nations need to understand the social and cultural values of the destinations served in order to be able to successfully drive the business. Social and cultural values encompasses all aspects of understanding the special needs of the destination, the key holidays and any special arrangements that might have to be taken into account while serving a specific destination. For example, the meal choices have to be restricted to non-pork based foods whilst serving Muslim nations to not only ensure the sentiments are catered to and also to drive business in these locations. Technology Factors Technology provides a competitive advantage to businesses and there is an increasing demand for the use of the latest technology to enable customers to get a better experience. Having a good e-commerce application to provide customers a portal to purchase tickets, fast check-in services online would be useful as it would cater to the more tech-savvy and young customer base. However, British Airways and Virgin Atlantic should make sure that they are not overly reliant on using high-end technologies as this might lead to the isolation of certain groups that are not entirely comfortable using these high end technologies. BA & Virgin Atlantic should therefore find a good balance between these two and should be able to optimise the use of technological advancements and leverage the opportunities appropriately. 1H Impact of EU on BA & VAA The EU has a great impact on both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic. The EU has enabled an increase in competition in the market. An increase in the competition and a market promoting a healthy competition would now mean that both BA and VAA have to face a lot of competition from various operators within the EU. Hence, in order to be able to successfully steer the business, it is key that BA & VAA keep their prices at check, increase their value added services, and build on their brand value and their unique selling point to ensure customer loyalty and also to attract more customers. The EU has various positive impacts on BA & VAA. Tourism is the third largest sector in the EU and there is a lot of scope for development. EU has had talks with the aviation industry to promote sustainable and reliable services within the EU and BA & VAA can take advantage of this to provide high quality services to the customers. The EU has relaxed its visa policies for member states and also promotes fair international trade system that improves competitiveness and has opened up its markets by unblocking tariff and non-tariff barriers making. This promotes trades and import and export of goods and services. Indirectly this help travel to and from various European Union nations. This can be used by British Airways and Virgin Atlantic to offer specialised services to businessmen and frequent flyers to and from Europe. Relaxing trade restrictive measures means that there are various political factors that are relaxed and this paves way for better collaboration and negotiation. Opening up the markets would mean that the procurement of goods and services can be accessed and available freely across EU without restrictions. This removes any legal and regulatory obstacles that British Airways and Virgin Atlantic faces and helps promote growth and sales in the industry. Increased competitiveness within the EU would mean access to better services, keeping prices in check and ensuring that the brand value is maintained. Conclusion This paper helped to identify the vision and the mission statement of Virgin Atlantic, how it is different from other services. It identified the key stakeholders of the airlines and the responsibilities of Virgin Atlantic towards its stakeholders were discussed in detail. The fiscal policies and monetary policies were then explained and how these related to Virgin Atlantic were also specified. A PEST (Political, Economic, Social & Technology) factor analysis was done in order to understand various global factors that affected Virgin Atlantic & British Airways. Finally, the impact of the EU on BA & Virgin Atlantic was discussed in terms of competition, trade restrictions and markets. Works Cited Virgin Atlantic. (2014, September 2014). Retrieved on 06/09/14 from http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/us/en.html Investopedia. (2014, September 2014). Retrieved on 06//09/14 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/europeanunion.asp European Monetary Policy. (Septmber 2014). Retrieved on 06/09/14 from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/european+monetary+union Chamberlin, G. (September 2009). Economic Review Sep 2009. Economic and Labour Market Review Gillespie, A. (June 2009). Foundations of Economics. New York; Oxford University Press

Money and Capital Markets Central Banks

Money and Capital Markets Central Banks Central banks normally control the interest rates through participating in the open market operations. A reserve bank would influence the state’s economy by either purchasing or issuing the government with marketable instruments (Elton, Gruber Brown 2006, p. 64). By selling, the central bank lowers the price of the marketable instruments in the open market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Capital Markets: Central Banks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This leads to reduced interest rates of commercial banks and that of the entire economy. Similarly, the central banks may reduce the interest rates at which commercial banks borrow loans from central banks. This implies that commercial banks will respond by issuing loans to the public at reduced interest rates. In addition, the central bank may impose a ceiling on the interest rates above which the commercial banks would not be allowed to offer loans t o the public. Generally, interest rate is one of the monetary policies that are used to control various economic variables such as inflation rates and investments. The Indian Central Bank raised its interest rate in an attempt to improve the GDP growth in the year 2011. The central bank of India enhanced the benchmark repo rate by 0.025%. The interest stood at 8.5% as at mid October 2011. This move was essential since it would have seen the inflation rate contained within the accepted levels. According to the Reserve Bank of India, setting the interest rate for commercial banks gives guidance to banks as regards to the upcoming period (Currie 2011, p. 87). The interest rate of 8.5% was imposed with an expectation that inflation rates would decline in December 2011 and subsequently maintain the fall to 7% at the end of March 2012. According to the July Quarterly Review, the central bank of India had projected that the Gross Domestic Product would experience a growth of 8% for the yea r 2011 and 2012. Nevertheless, the September Quarterly Review indicated that the risk to the projected growth was declining. Many financial analysts claimed that based on the changes taking place in the economic environment, the downward baseline projection of Gross Domestic Product growth was expected to hit an average of 7.6% in 2011-2012 financial year.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bank of England was keen to ensure that the interest rate was maintained at sustainable levels to allow the economy of England keep off from the disasters associated with the European economic crisis. As at August 2011, the monetary policy committee of the Bank of England maintained the base rate at 0.5%. However, it made no changes on its quantitative easing plan. The economic analysts of the UK claimed that interest rates would not probably rise until the following year that is, 2012. This was expected to occur following the signs of inflationary pressures, which were to hit the peak. The inflation rate had dropped to 4.2% at the end of June. Although there were possibilities that utility bills had the potential of rising above 5%, financial analysts perceived that any rise would be temporal. The central bank of China is known as the People’s Bank of China. Economists claim that the People’s Bank of China is the largest financial institution in the world in terms of financial resources (Wittner 2003, p. 48). Chinese government and other financial analysts refer to the Chinese interest rate as the base interest rate. Unlike other central banks in the world, the People’s Bank of China has an absolute power and control over the use of fiscal policies. This implies that the bank has the autonomy of imposing the interest rate to various commercial banks in China. Over the last decade, the People’s Bank of China has been known for its influence in setting interest rates for debt instruments, savings and loans. The difference that exists between the Chinese central bank and that of other countries is that Chinese interest rate is divisible by nine while that of other nations are divisible by 25 (Reilly Brown 2007, p. 67). This is because the Chinese financial year has only 360 days. This makes it easier to calculate both monthly and daily interest rates. In December 2008, the Chinese interest rate was 5.310% while in June 2011, the interest rate rose to 6.560%. A difference exists between the U.S. Federal Reserve and the People’s Bank of China in terms of setting interest rates. The Federal Reserve only determines the rate for the Federal funds, which is always used to control the overnight inter-banks rates. On the other hand, the Central bank of China controls the entire market including the interest rates that are used by commercial banks. Normally, the central bank of china sets floor for lending rates and ceilings for deposit rates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Capital Markets: Central Banks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the last two years, a number of central banks embarked on cutting their interest rates in an attempt to improve the economic performance. The central banks that have cut their interest rates in the last two years include the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Bank of Japan, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank. The Bank of England set the highest record after it cut its interest rate by 150 basis points. Although lowering the interest rate is important when the economy is facing high prices, it is more risky when there are high chances of inflation (Reilly Brown 2007, p. 56). List of References Currie, D 2011, Country Analysis: Understanding Economic and Political Performance, Gower Publishing Limited, New York. Elton, E, Gruber, M Brown S 2006, Modern Portfolio Theor y and Investment Analysis, John Wiley, New York. Reilly, K Brown, C 2007, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, Thomson, South Western. Wittner, P 2003, The European Generics Outlook: A Country-by-Country Analysis of Developing Market Opportunities and Revenue Defense Strategies, Datamonitor, London.

Live Forever essays

Live Forever essays Modern science wants to achieve the impossible, life that never ends. This is a great idea to some but the ways that are proposed are downright insane. While most people are all for immortality I have a hard time volunteering when there exists so many flaws. If you take the time to stop and think about it its not even a question as to why this goal has yet to be accomplished. If you wanted to build a house wouldnt you first master one for your dog? Surely starting small and working your way up is a good idea. Science has other plans. Theyve already started a solution to which they dont know the whole process. While immortality may seem great there are many reasons why now is not the time to start worrying about it? Funding is the name of this game. The battle isnt about living forever its how to pay for it. The United States spends millions of dollars every year on a defense budget. Weapons development gets huge funding. This is the same government that refuses to fund research for immortality. Perhaps living longer isnt as much fun as making other live shorter. Without out the government aboard the decision of life has been left to the states. We all know New Hampshire has decided to live free or die buy how much are they willing to pay. This living forever thing could ruin the country. Sure California passed prop 71 giving billions for stem cell research but where does that leave Illinois (Economic study demonstrates Proposition 71 benefits to California's economy 1)? They decided that living forever costs way too much when they defeated a proposition for stem cell research (Illinois Senate blocks stem cell funding 1). Most states have yet to make a decision. Are we all destined to be subje ct to a nation made up of 100% Californians? If this is true is it really worth living at all? What motivated California to spend all that money? Where did they get all their m ...