Restoration of Rauza Sharif, Sirhind, Punjab

RESTORATION OF RAUZA SHARIF, SIRHIND, PUNJAB Abstraction:Sacred memorials such as Mausoleums, Shrines, and Dargahs of Sufis represent the traditional grave architecture. Among the major such Mausoleumsâ€Å"The Rauza Sharif of Mujaddid Alfisani†at Sirhind, Punjab is like one of these memorials holding great historical, spiritual and cultural significance. Hence our purpose is to document the present conditions of the impact zone, in footings of Architecture, planning, stuffs and engineering and place the lack on assorted foreparts, based on this analysis of the impact zone, place the potency of architectural intercessions and consequently propose appropriate design solution to turn to the concerns of today and tomorrow. Keywords:Sacred memorials, Dargahs, congestion, climatic impact, climatic control, invasions, atmosphere, holiness, repose. Introduction: Brief history: The sacred â€Å"RAUZA SHARIF† at Sirhind, Punjab is the topographic point of historical significance and besides spiritual and cultural significance.RauzaSharifor Dargah ofShaikh Ahmad FaruqiSirhindi( popularly known as Mujaddid, Alf-Isfani )is situated on theSirhind–Bassi PathanaRoad at a little distance to the North ofGurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib. Sheikh Ahmed Farooqi lived at this topographic point during the times ofAkbarandJahangirfrom 1563 to 1624. TheUrsjubilation ( decease day of remembrance ) of the Mujadid are held here for more than 300 old ages and are mostly attended byMoslemsfromIndia,Pakistan,Afghanistan,Dutch east indies,Bangladeshand other Muslim states. There are a figure of other graves in the compound largely of the members of Shaikh Ahmad ‘s house. The mausoleum is a all right edifice made of bricks partially overlaid with rock and marble. Near to it there is the mausoleum of Rati-ud-Din, an ascendant of the Mujadid. Not far here are the rauzas of Mujaddid’s boies Khawaja Muhammad Sadiq and Khwaja Muhammad Masum. The rauza of latter is sometimes called rauzachini on history of its first-class mosaic work. In its premises are many other Gravess of the members of the house of the said reformist and some members of the governing household ofKabul. There is a expansive mosque with a cellar and a little armored combat vehicle for executing ablution before the supplications. The shrine has since been taken over by Government of India as a historic memorial and regular employees have been kept here for its care, up maintain and care. The point of position of every person with regard to the sacredness of a holy topographic point varies. most of the trusters follow the lone imprints of their ascendants and give no importance to the atmosphere and holiness of the topographic point which if non given consideration will eventually ensue in a topographic point holding merely crowd of trusters sitting in a topographic point of heavy via medias in footings of infinite quality and kernel of the sacred feel. For illustration. KALIYAR SHARIF. One gets a cheerless feeling if he/she visits the topographic point for the first clip. Though the program is really much celebrated and one becomes eager to see it when he hears its name. In the same manner â€Å"The Rauza Sharif† at Sirhind, should be given the attending so that in the class of clip the increase in the figure of multitudes sing this topographic point do non present any sort of menace to its atmosphere. PRESENT AREA OF STUDY The present country of site of Rauza Sharif covers an country of approximately 12 Estates, embracing 7 shrines with the chief shrine of AL MUJADID as per our first visit we found following factors which should be thought of and their solutions should be incorporated in the design proposal for the development and preservation of this heritage site.The ancient constructions of the site such as the guestrooms, ablution pool etc. should be maintained and given due importance the guestrooms doors open towards the chief entryway ambulatory plaza disturb the privateness of its invitees, apart from this there is excessively much congestion in these suites. The solution of this will be that the burden of these suites must be reduced and some more guest suites should be made away i.e. out of the direct sight of the visitants come ining the chief entryway gate.There is invasion in the composite by the staff houses which spoil the atmosphere of the Rauza Sharif, and should be screened off wholly from the chief shrine by relocating them someplace else on the site and by making landscape gardening.In summers noon clip one thinks of rapidly running off after sing the topographic point due to heat and tiredness, hence the countries bring forthing the plentifulness of heat such as cardinal plaza without any verdure or any shading shelter should be thought off.The shrine composite has got a plentifulness of agricultural land which can be utilized for seting fly-by-night trees apart from using them for the intent of agribusiness besides. Another thing is that there is no proper connectivity between the chief shrine and the shrines of the predecessors of Al Mujaddid as a consequence of which one leaves them unvisited, by and large during their first visit, therefore there should be a proper ocular and prosaic connectivity. Their care will besides so be given importance.The paths in the composite should be planned such that the Sub shrines should besides be visited by the visitants . These complecting tracts shall hold street furniture and besides the rock pieces holding engraved on them the history of the topographic point, thereby doing the visit more enlightening and synergistic.The pool which is unmaintained soon should besides be maintained and reopened as it will assist in cut downing the heat of the premises and will besides function the intent for which it was ab initio built i.e. ablution.Cosmic Coherence: The cosmic coherency of the premises should besides be analyzed and a layout program which coincides and lucifers with the coherent forces should be implemented in the new proposal of the shrine composite so that an environment of holiness and repose is maintained, which should decidedly be the property of the sacred infinite, as the sacred edifice is a topographic point that contains certain qualities similar to those arising from nature in harmoniousness with its milieus. Methodology:Limit of all the shrines within the country of survey of the site, placing other heritage constructions which fulfill the supportive maps for illustration the invitee house, pools etc, which are to be retained and restored.Identify the constructions presenting hinderance to the position of the heritage construction, deteriorating its atmosphere and magnificence and pulverizing them for illustration houses and quarters of the workers.The constructions which can’t be demolished should be subdued by taking one upper narrative and adding the elements which compliment the original heritage construction.Taking clime into consideration implement/provide some shading devices for illustration canopies, arbors along the paseos which will assist in cut downing heat for the visitants every bit good as staff.The prominence of the sellers selling tea, java, bites and juice should be reduced by cut downing or curtailing the size of the stall. It could be done by doing a standard faculty of the peddling stables.Planing the proper path for the prosaic traffic coming to the shrine composite such that no visitant accidentally leaves the other shrines unvisited. All the shrines within the composite should be decently maintained by carefully analyzing these constructions and taking the multiple beds of white wash applied over their surface one over the other in due class of clip thereby uncovering the original masonry construction and eventually cleansing and using the transparent varnish over its surface to protect it against the gnawing conditions.Peoples populating in the premises besides rear cowss. They should be besides given due consideration and should be planned carefully.Decision: The heritage site under survey should be restored in such a manner that it is free from ugly invasions or instead free from the invasions of peripheral importance to supply positions and views in the site, taking to and from the heritage edifices to the public topographic points ( remainder houses, Parkss, sitting countries etc. ) . the street flower stalks should be provided such as street furniture and canopies etc. to cut down the heat generated during the hot conditions and all the heritage edifice within the composite should be readily seeable with regard to each other and the peripheral or the supportive services such as, guest house, ablution country, staff quarters and lavatories etc. should be visually segregated and physically accessible with easiness to its users. Mentions:Heritage site visit of RAUZA SHARIF, Sirhind.Internet, Wikipedia.Creative infinite diary ( January 2014 publication ) .Meeting with Prof. Kiran Joshi, Prof. S.S. Bais on 4ThursdayJune 2014

Love in Different Country Essay

Studying in the U.S. for nearly a year, I learned a lot of knowledge and I made a lot of friends. Some of them are foreigners. This year’s study is very effective for me. In the United States, I found some phenomenons are different between my country and the U.S. Now I mainly want to talk about love in the U.S. and China. The United States is a free country. The United States advocates free development. It pays attention to every person’s personality. Some American friends told me that love is very easy in the United States. Both men and women like each other, then they can fall in love. The parents will not hinder the child’s decision. So children can choose their partner if they want. In China, love and marriage is a very serious and very important thing. The parents always provide a lot of requirements to their children. For example, if my child is a boy, I will tell him, â€Å"Your wife in the future must be a very nice woman. Her family condition must be consistent with our condition.† because in China, many parents consider that only if both parties are consistent with their conditions, the future life can help each other, and the lives will be happy. In my opinion, I think the two points of view are so different, but each opinion has its reason. My questions are: What makes loving anybody in the United States not similar? How do different people in the U.S. falling in love It also represents the different cultures between China and the U.S. If I were allowed to choose which waysuits me, I will choose the American way because I love freedom. Notes: This needs more information in the second and third paragraphs about the reasons why each country has these â€Å"rules† about love. Then, in the conclusion, you can talk about how freedom is an American trait of love and that these reasons are why you want to choose an American style of love or choosing a partner.

Devry of Crystal City, VA.

This scenario involves Cassie and Bill. The both have experience in Project Management however Bill a lot more experience than Cassie does. Bill last project was late and over budgeted so Cassie a little bit skeptical about his overall knowledge but yet she is still willing to list to him. I am the third person brought into this meeting and I will discuss different avenues of approach to fix these issues. I will also explain the different elements identified as well as how I feel that they should be addressed. ABSTRACT: I posted these comments: Bring both managers together and discuss all the current and future risk factors * Establish a budget that will help each manager understand the short and long term affects * Make a chart of how and when the possibilities of risks are most vulnerable * Ensure that everyone practices trial and error to ensure management and employers are privileged to the risk factors. * Capture previous projects and study their history of risk matrix and match both to see if you are following the right procedures or decreasing risk factors * Always double check everything your team has covered as a whole to ensure the proper risk measure have been implemented The students comments had several opinions, however they basically agreed that all projects should have a list of plans and these plans should cover overall risks. these risks should be realistic and within your primary budget. You should break down the project into quarters and each quarter should be budgeted according to your requirements. Now I do understand that issues come up and project are prolonged or over budgeted initially but as a good project Mason 3 manager, you should plan for mishaps even if they don't occur. I would suggest that you write down all the potential issues and make adjustments as needed. For instance Liza Nicholas, wrote that she liked the idea of utilizing WBS because it allows personnel to actually see the breakdown of all the requirements. I do agree that when specific tasks are written down along with short and long term goals. This general information is helpful and needed when projects are costly and extensive. You should always cover the previous projects and decide which risk assessments were deemed to be refined. There will always be some mistakes, but my overall objective is to minimize risks and make sure your project as safe as possible. Team members and employees should discuss the potential risks and put together a plan to ensure that everyone knows the outcome in case risks impact the project's timeline. It is important to follow your timeline and make sure your costs match those dates. CONCLUSION: The overall idea is to make sure that the project managers are detailing risk plans and following the guidance from previous mistakes. Plans should be to the point and cultivated by the environment along with extensiveness of the project itself. Management should be monitoring each project and ensuring that everyone does what is needed to ensure safety and maintain funds for each project. As a third party member, I would like to ensure that all Mason 4 employees and staff will know and understand their risks in each project and actually know the appropriate actions to take in case of an immediate response or actions is needed.

Othello: Explain the important and effectiveness of ‘Act three, Scene three’

In the 17th century, Shakespeare found the plot for ‘Othello' in Giraldi Ginthio's collection of tales ‘Hicatomithi' (1565). The play itself is set in the 16th century Venice and Cyprus. At the time of Shakespeare, Turks were considered to be barbarians as opposed to the Christians who represented civilization and morality. In the play there is a reference to a Turkish naval attack on the Venetian controlled land of Cyprus. It's because of this battle that most of the plot takes place in Cyprus. The third scene of the third act in the play is an intense and important scene, which displays the turning point of events that begun in the previous two acts. Such events as the migration of Othello, the moor, Desdemona, Othello's wife, Iago, Othello's ensign, Cassio, Othello's lieutenant, Roderigo, Iago's friend, and many Venetian men and women, from Venice to Cyprus. This change of location for the characters and the plot led to opportunities for later aspects of the play; in particular the evil plan created by Iago began to take shape as things fell to place in his favour. In act three, scene three, and the audience can witness Iago's newly found control over the general, Othello. Iago manages to convince Othello that Desdemona is having an affair and is a false woman. This definitely comes as a shock to the audience due to the good, loyal and trusting image of Othello that they saw at the start of the play. There is also a display of Iago's power of manipulation that allows him to use them in any way he wants, so he can achieve his goals. Othello is much changed in this scene; he believes that his wife is having an affair and starts to have doubts in the marriage he so strongly believed in. Othello shows signs to his more vulnerable and weaker side that makes the audience question his character. The events in this scene build up to a tragic ending that the audience can predict from the moment they realise Iago's evil plan and role in act three. Tragedy is inevitable and the audience can clearly see it, due to their understanding of Shakespeare's real intensions in the scene. In conclusion it can be said that in this central scene of the play, Othello begins to lose control of the situation and Iago takes possessions. Scene three is the turning point of events in the play. It's the point where Iago's plan starts to fall in place and the audience notice the power of Iago's words over Othello. But these events begun long time before this scene: At the start of the play we are introduced to Iago, Othello's ensign and advisor, Roderigo, Iago's friend that's in love with Desdemona. The audience learn the fact that Roderigo is paying Iago to get Desdemona away from Othello. From the first conversation, it becomes clear that Iago is evil, cruel and selfish. He talks of the fact that Othello made Cassio lieutenant instead of him and how much he hates and wants to bring down Othello. Iago's evil plan begun when he told Brabantio that Othello has secretly married and ran away with Desdemona, Brabantio's daughter. This caused for Othello to be taken to court and accused of using witchcraft on Desdemona. During this event Othello stays cool and calm while Iago was hoping for him to get angry and in more trouble. At the end of the act, Othello is sent to defend Cyprus from the Turkish attack. In act two, Othello, Desdemona, Iago, Roderigo and Cassio arrive in Cyprus. As Iago continues his plan against Othello, it becomes clear that it's not just Othello that will get hurt at the end. Iago decides to use Cassio in his plan by making him vulnerable; so he gets Cassio fired. With the intension of making things worse, Iago advises Cassio to meet with Desdemona and beg her to persuade Othello to consider giving him another chance. Cassio arranges to meet Desdemona in her house. At the start of act three, Iago plans for Othello to arrive at his house just to witness Cassio leaving and makes sure that Othello does not forget the sight of cassio by sounding suspicious of Cassio's appearance and suggesting that there is something going on between Desdemona and Cassio. Even though Othello doesn't accept any of this, he keeps the thought in his mind. The audience are now aware of Iago's plan and Othello's jealous mind and all they await is to see how far this would drive Othello and how it will affect the outcome of the play. At the end of the scene Othello loses control when he finds himself having to decide between his love for Desdemona and his trust of Iago's word. This shows Othello's weakness and foolishness to the audience. Shakespeare's intension is to prove that not everyone would fall for Iago's plan and that Othello was made vulnerable through out his life and was open to attack from Iago. Through out the play, the audience witness the rapid change of character in Othello and unlike Othello himself, they realise that Iago is responsible for most of it. Iago was the person that didn't seem very dangerous at the start of the play but as the events following up to act three, scene three took place, he showed his true colours by initiating his evil plan to destroy Othello, Desdemona and Cassio's life. Iago's hate for Othello started because of his despite for black people, his jealousy of Othello's fame and finally because of the fact that Cassio was made lieutenant instead of him. Iago felt betrayed and destroyed and decided to make life hell for Othello by acting as his friend but working secretly as his enemy. As time passed, things changed in his favour and all he had to do was to give them a push in the wrong direction and enjoyed the show as Othello's wonderful life went to ruins. It is very important to understand the tricks and skills used by Iago during the time which he brainwashed Othello. At first he tried to throw hints and ideas but Othello ignored them for some time. ‘ Cassio, my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it that he would sneak away so guilty like, seeing you coming' 3:3(38-40). He continued his manipulation by telling false facts and proving his points using any possible situation. But he still held back made his words sound like suggestions while Othello is taking in every word without being aware. ‘I speak not yet of proof, Look to your wife; observe her well with cassio' 3:3(194-195) Finally, he took his case to the extreme when he realised that Othello would not give in without proof. Iago told Othello about a made up event in which he witnessed Cassio having an erotic dream about Desdemona. Othello immediately believed this, which proved just how little he trusted his wife and how much he trusted Iago. †In sleep I heard him say: ‘ sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our love† 3:3(416-417) Iago talked to Othello about false acts done by cassio and other wrong men but most of the time the actions he spoke of are the same things he did and continued to do; while Iago and the audience were completely aware of that, Othello had no clue, making this an example of dramatic irony. ‘ O beware, my lord, of jealousy! The green-eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on' 3:3(164-165). Othello was introduced as a brave, understanding man, famous in the army, loved by his wife and respected by the court. After all the work done by Iago, Othello completely changed and did things he could not imagine before. By the end of act three, scene three Othello had gone past denial and just needed enough time and proof to be completely convinced and to make a tragic decision. In act one, Iago and Roderigo's description of Othello made him look like an evil man who kidnapped a girl and betrayed a friend; when Othello first made an appearance, everything changed due to the contrast between his good personality and the fake description. The audience thought of Othello as the good characters that wont change under any condition; it is clear that when Othello resorted so low to think false of his wife, he would be a disappointment to the audience. Iago's words and speeches had the worst effect on Othello and Shakespeare shows this through the weird and wild actions from Othello towards Desdemona and cassio, which eventually led to murder. Shakespeare demonstrated Othello's confusion and disturbed mind as he fought a battle in his head between suspicion and reality. Then there was the loss of control, which managed to bring down Othello and let him be consumed by jealousy created by no other than another man. At this point Othello acts and talks just like Iago with a mind of blood, hatred and vengeance; he starts to use animal imagery to describe woman and specially Desdemona. Was this fair paper, this most goodly book, made to write ‘whore' upon? What committed! ‘ 4:2(70-71) The audience didn't feel sorry for Othello anymore. He fell into a deep hole and cannot be rescued. They knew that there would be tragedy at the end of all this and they could guess it will be mostly Othello's doing, because Iago did his part already; Othello would roll down the hill by himself and hitting rock bottom is inevitable. A lot of tragic events take place in ‘Othello' that cannot be blamed completely on one person. On one side of the argument, there is Iago a racist, sexist and cruel man who is driven to the very edge by hate for others and selfishness. He manages to use everyone in order to complete his plan of ruining the lives of others. On the other side there is Othello the tough, likable and kind man who proved weak when put in the situation of choosing between false suspicion and his love and trust for his wife. He tried to fight the control of jealousy over him but due to the doubts he kept in his heart, it was no use; so he lost control of his mind, which drove him to his death. It is real hard to figure out whom Shakespeare wanted to blame for the tragedy as both characters played a big part in it. It's true that Iago started the whole issue and made it known by any means necessary but it was the Othello, the man meant to be better, that gave in to some words. Shakespeare wanted to make it clear that even though Othello made all the bad decisions but he didn't always have complete control over his conscience because of his past. It was made clear that at the time black people were not treated right by all. He lived most of his life as a slave and he was mocked and beat down by all kinds of people and it is obvious he lost self-confidence and trust but the fact that he made it from nothing to a famous and respected general is incredible. In some way it can be said that they were both to blame for the bad events. But then again Othello is the main character and the audience believed in him from the very start and he managed to ruin things for the one he most cared for. It is very important to keep in mind the effect that the racist society of the time had on him. Haply for I am black and have not those soft parts of conversation that chamberers have; or for I am declined into the vale of years. ‘ 3:3(260-264). In a deeper look at the scene there are many small details that helps a lot more into the understanding of the decisions made by the characters. In contrast to the previous two scenes, this scene is lengthy. Here we watch as Othello's mind is poisoned. Desdemona and Emilia offer cassio their assurance that Othello will soon restore him to favour. Desdemona insists that she will talk her husband ‘out of patience' (line 23) until he agrees to reassign cassio. As they talk, Othello enters with Iago. Uneasy and ashamed, cassio leaves when Desdemona offers to plead for him until she is heard. Iago immediately sets to work, observing briefly that he does not like the manner of Cassio's leave-taking. Iago continues to suggest that he suspects him of false behaviour with Desdemona. He urges his master not to be jealous without telling him directly why he should be jealous. Othello insists that he is not given to jealousy, but his mind has clearly been moving in the very direction Iago intended because he then speaks of his wife's attributes and talents. He also brings up the subject of rivalry when he says ‘ she had eyes and chose me' (line 192). Iago knows he has ensnared his victim. He then offers Othello specific advice; watch Desdemona with cassio, remember that Venetian women are deceitful. Iago continues to twist the knife by pointing out things that he knows Othello would think about. Finally it becomes clear that the doubt is created in Othello's mind and heart when he says ‘ why did I marry? ‘ (Line 245). Iago is merciless so he returns to offer more wicked advise until Othello is completely under his control. After this long and important conversation, Othello and Desdemona go to dinner. Emilia comes back to find Desdemona's handkerchief that she dropped earlier; unaware of the importance of the handkerchief to both Othello and Iago, Emilia steals the handkerchief and hands it to Iago. Here we discovers that the handkerchief is a big part of Iago's plan; the handkerchief will be left at Cassio's lodgings to serve as proof of his secret affair with Desdemona. When Othello returns, he is absorbed with thoughts of his wife's treachery. He now seems absolutely convinced that desdemona is guilty of deceiving him and is tormented by the lack of evidence. He also regrets finding out about any of this; he says he was happier when he was ignorant of ‘her stolen hours of lust'. Iago feeds othello's jealousy by telling him that it will be hard to get evidence and then he continues to give a description of an event in which he shared a bed with cassio and witnessed him having an erotic dream about desdemona in which he tells her to kiss and such. This drives Othello angry and he turns to violence and revenge but not as much Iago would've wanted. Iago then moves to his serious back up plan; he tells the general about the handkerchief that's been seen with cassio rubbing his beard with it. Othello is now utterly consumed by ‘bloody thoughts' (line 460). They both kneel and vow to help each other and correct what's wronged. Othello asks Iago to kill cassio. Iago then receives the promotion he has been looking for; he is made lieutenant when he agrees to murder his ‘friend' (line 476). Othello always needs someone to completely trust and believe, so it can be said that Iago's devotion has replaced the harmony Othello received from marriage with Desdemona. This scene ends, as a new phase filled with hate, blood and vengeance, is about to start. In terms of characters, Iago is most to blame for the events in this scene that build up the road to tragedy for Othello. Following scene three, a short but funny moment takes place in which desdemona and a clown have a conversation. This to stop the tension built up in the previous conversation between Othello and Iago. This lighter start makes the audience forget about the tense events of the last scene and to get them to look forward to the outcome of the play. We see Othello very confused and angry with Desdemona regarding the missing handkerchief. Desdemona realises that her husband is acting like a different man as he shouts and accuses her of false actions. The audience can identify that the tense events of the last scene have definitely changed Othello for the worse. It is understandable that some people would feel sympathy for Othello even though he is being weak and stupid in believing Iago and loosing faith in his wife. But the sympathy can be described in different ways, some might feel sorry for him because they believe him to be a victim of racism and an evil, psychopath like Iago while others believe that Othello is partly to blame for the events of the play but still a victim. But no matter what kind of sympathy they have for him, they all know he was a victim to some extent because even though he denies it, he misunderstands women and doesn't give Desdemona a chance to explain herself. He believes that he is allowed to judge people and decide their fate. Through out his problems, he loses his pride and resorts to hiding and eavesdropping which results in even more jealousy that eventually leaves him shattered and vulnerable, in other words, a victim. Shakespeare's intensions are to put the audience in a situation where they can choose what they want to think of Othello. But he still wants them to feel the same thing about the plot when the play is over; Othello is responsible for a monstrous murder and then destroys himself in an act of self-slaughter. However the final response from the audience will be great sadness because of the moor's death and relieved and glad that his tormentor will be definitely tortured. Othello was a noble, compassionate and courageous black man that against all odds, served in a white man's society. He tried to be more than a soldier by loving his wife more than anything else in his life. Throught out his youth, he was tortured and broken down and just when he thought that he had found everything he's ever wanted, Iago turned up in his life. Iago tortured him, just by using the precise words at the right place and at the right time. The audience were constantly aware that he was directly under his ensigns' poisonous influence and was being pulled in many directions. The audience felt that his desire to revenge himself on cassio and Desdemona was the terrible result of Othello's attempt to combine his roles as soldier and lover. When he feared that his wife had betrayed him, he said woefully, ‘ Othello's occupation's gone! ‘ (3:3. 360); it is almost as if Desdemona was the prize he earned for his military victories; she had perhaps replaced his career as the source of his pride and honour; no wonder he felt her loss so keenly. In the final scene, before he killed himself, Othello reminded us of his previous services to the society and the man he was. Shakespeare wishes for us to know that Othello was a worthy man before he was ensnared by Iago. Othello heroically takes his own life as his punishment for killing his honest and loyal wife. In his final act and speech, he realised who he was and allowed the soldier inside him to kill the lover. But some might say that it was all too late for him, for Desdemona and for their beautiful life and marriage.

Minimum Efficient Scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minimum Efficient Scale - Essay Example The MES is hardly ever a solitary output - more likely it is a range of production levels where standard cost is minimized where the firm achieves regular returns to scale. It varies from industry to industry depending on the type of the cost structure in a particular segment of the market. When the proportion of fixed to variable costs is very elevated, there is huge potential for dropping the average cost of production. The minimum efficient scale may be expressed as a variety of production standards, but its connection with the whole market size or demand will conclude how many competitors can successfully function in the market. If the minimum efficient scale is comparatively diminutive compared to total market size many companies can survive in the same space for example computer software companies. In other industries where the minimum efficient scale is quite large due to high fixed costs, only a few major players dominate the market place for example telecom and other basic materials. There is also likely to be enormous potential to take advantage of technical economies of scale. As a consequence the MES may be a high quantity of entire market demand. There may be an opportunity merely for single business to completely exploit the economies of scale obtainable in the industry. It is presumed for a natural monopoly that the long-run average cost curve falls constantly over a very great range of output. This is illustrated in the diagram below. Companies are able to exploit the market when the range of their minimum efficiency scale is high as this applies a barrier to entry. The higher the barriers to entry, the greater the ability of established firms to raise price above the long run average costs without letting the new firms enter the market this includes foreign competition too. Although production cost barriers are faced by both local and foreign companies, the foreigners face an additional barrier of tariffs levied by the government. As the manufacturers expand their scale of production, average costs decrease to minimum efficient scale that is to the optimal point. As they expand further than that, they become incompetently large, and face increasing average costs. Hence if we assume they increased too far, and finally settled at the minimum efficient scales they have oppressed all Economies of Scale, and Diseconomies of Scale, in manufacturing. Big firms can have lesser per-unit costs due to purchasing at bulk discounts example parts, indemnity, real estate, marketing, etc. and can also bound competition by buying out competitors, setting proprietary industry values. Looking at further examples, an automobile maker can buy millions of tons of steel at one point for use in forming engine blocks and store it for an indefinite period, if this will get a superior price. On the other hand, a florist can't buy millions of tons of matured flowers to put up for sale as they will shrivel before they are sold. This results in disparate interpretations of economies of scales for diverse types of companies. The size of a business may also alter over time, as industry and marketplace circumstances change. If a dealer finds a way to produce

Inclusion and special educational needs (including challenging Essay

Inclusion and special educational needs (including challenging behaviour) - Essay Example This is better said than done, since in practice, there have been progressively increasing social diversities (DfES, 2001, 1-33). This poses a challenge on the practitioners as well as the state, since they are committed to provide an appropriate education for all. It is well known that factors such as ethnicity, disability and material deprivation are associated with inequality, social exclusion and the risk of low educational attainment, due to diversity of the condition and the candidates. By diversity, it is not only meant the different grades of disabilities or challenging behaviours in these people, it also reflects divergent cultural values and norms. To promote and enforce equal access to education, the current trend is to acknowledge the rights of inclusion of these people. Following lots of argument, now most agree inclusion describes a process where the pupil with special needs may be educated in an inclusive school build within the mainframe of the ordinary schools, in or der to gradually accept them in the mainstream (Croll and Moses, 2000, 1-12). The nature of provision for special educational needs has changed drastically over the last few years following the Warnock Report and the 1981 Education Act. Ideally, all education, special or ordinary should look at implementation of principles of social justice in education, as deployment of "what is good for the common interest where that is taken to include the good of each and good for all" (Griffiths, 1998, 95 in Quicke, 2007, 2-15). This implies improvement of education of all and specially of those with special needs. This should, therefore, follow certain principles guided by the code for practitioners (QCA/DfEE, 2001). In a broader sense, the inequality in education of those identified to have special education needs, can only be demolished by inclusion (DfES, 2001, 1-13) due the fact that all children, special or ordinary, have the rights to experience relationship

Consider the role of the hero in a Sixteenth-Century work and a Essay

Consider the role of the hero in a Sixteenth-Century work and a Seventeenth-Century work (16th and 17th Century English Literature) - Essay Example Britomart, the central character Book III of in Spencer’s â€Å"Faerie Queen† is assigned with the role of a sophisticated representative of the Elizabethan patriarchal society, the eponymous heroine in the â€Å"Duchess of Malfi† appears to be the projection of a freewill feminine zeal against the patriarchal authority of the Jacobean Era (Roider). Though the texts deal with the patriarchal zeal of the authors’ societies, their central characters reflect these patriarchies in opposite fashions. While the silhouette of Britomart’s character is determined by the author’s conformation with the existing patriarchal structure of the society, the heroine in â€Å"Duchess of Malfi† appears to be in conflict with her society. On the surface level, Britomart’s quest for the Queen seems to glorify the position of women in Elizabethan society. But if she is examined from a more critical perspective, she appears to be a perfect patriarchal heroine who, though, is free of the negative chauvinistic view of the society. The gender constructs of both of the Elizabethan and Jacobean societies appears to be the same and to be the typical features of a patriarchal society. But the compliance levels of the two heroines with the expectations of patriarchy from the â€Å"inferior sex† differ from each other. In his analysis of the social constructs, Adam Polgar refers to the fact that Britomart’s characters is laden with what the Elizabethan expects from a woman. She is not only the warrior lady in concrete sense, but also a moral warrior who fights for her chastity, the moral expectation of her society. He more likely views Britomart’s quest for her future husband as her effort to save her chastity and loyalty to her future husband. Therefore she appears to be the perfect heroine for the Elizabethan readers. According to him Britomart’s armor that symbolizes her chastity, is the social construct of her gender and she complies with this